It is a set of investigations aimed to unmask any small abnormalities leading to coronary artery diseases. 12hrs fasting is required. It also includes Chest X-Ray and ECG along with the lab tests (CBC, ESR, glucose, uric acid, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides & Apolipoproteins). The profile will be complete if combined with Treadmill Test and Echocardiography.

	This profile is done to detect liver and biliary tract disorders. It includes U/S of the liver along with the lab tests (total proteins, albumin, bilirubin direct & total, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, SGPT, GGTP and HBsAg).

	It is a set of investigations aimed at accurate diagnosis of connective tissue disorders. It includes Haemogram, CRP, RA, ANA, LE cell, serum proteins and uric acid.

	It is a set of investigations aimed at early detection of complication of hypertension. 12 hrs fasting is necessary. It Includes Chest X- ray, ECG along with the lab tests (CBC, ESR, urine routine or 24 hrs urine protein, glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, sodium, potassium and chlorides.)

	It is a set of investigations aimed at early diagnosis of kidney & Urinary tract disorders. Fasting is necessary. It also includes U/S of Kidney & Bladder along with the lab tests (CBC, ESR, 24 hrs urine protein, creatinine clearance, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, proteins, albumin, calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, chlorides & alkaline phosphatase).

	It is a set of investigations aimed to detect the abnormalities of lipid levels, which can ultimately lead to heart disease & stroke. The test includes LDL, HDL, VLDL, total cholesterol & triglycerides.

	It is a set of investigations aimed to screen the mother for transmissible diseases to the child. The package includes VDRL, HIV, HBsAg, CBC, FPG/RPG, urea, creatinine, blood group & Rh type and bleeding & clotting time.

	It is total body profile with tests for screening all the sytems of body for common ailments.

	It is a set of investigations aimed to diagnose pancreatitis and associated metabolic abnormalities. Tests include triglycerides, amylase, calcium, lipase and glucose.

	Set of investigations for the accurate diagnosis of Anemia and Jaundice in children. Tests include haemogram, G6PD assay , foetal haemoglobin, reticulocyte count, FDP and osmotic fragility.

	For diagnosis & treatment of joint pains. Test includes ESR, CBC, CRP, Antinuclear antibody, Uric acid & Rheumatoid factor (RA).

	It is a set of investigations aimed to detect the cause of infertility in both male & female patients. Test includes FSH, LH, Prolactin, Progesterone and Testosterone.

	LFT is most often employed to determine 1 The presence of liver disease 2 Type of liver disease 3 The extent and progression/regression of liver disease. Tests included under this package are - Bilirubin total & direct, Alkaline Phosphatase, Total Protein, Albumin, Globulins, SGOT, SGPT & GGTP

	It is a primary screening test for kidney disorders & to monitor the patient who is already suffering from the disorder. Test includes Urea, Creatinine, CBC & Urine Complete.

	These are screening tests for diabetes mellitus.
	Fasting plasma glucose more than 127 mg/dL on more than one occasion and postprandial plasma glucose more than 200 mg/dL, after a mixed meal or following oral load of 75g glucose strongly suggests the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Low fasting blood glucose is associated with hypothyroidism, hypoadrenalism, hypopitutarism, insulinomas, excess dosage of insulin/tablets, excess alcohol intake, massive liver disease and glycogen storage disorders.

	Glucose Tolerance test determines the ability of an individual to utilize a given quantity of glucose given orally. This test is used to diagnose diabetes mellitus in those individuals whose plasma glucose levels are either normal or marginally elevated. In suspected diabetes the patient displays abnormal GTT. The test is usually carried out in the morning after a night fast. Interpretation of test results is done according to a set of criteria.

	This is a test requested to assess the control of glucose levels in treated diabetic patients. The test result indicates average glucose control over past 2 months. This test is also used by diabetologists to assess the compliance of a patient to a given treatment plan.

	Determination of serum cholesterol is requested to predict/modify the risk of coronary artery disease and stroke. Increased total cholesterol levels are usually due to increase in LDL cholesterol which is the bad cholesterol and is found in hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, liver diseases, nephrotic syndrome and pregnancy.
		Increased LDL & VLDL cholesterol is noted with increasing age and obesity. Low concentration of HDL cholesterol is associated with
	higher risk of coronary heart disease even in the absence of other risk factors. HDL in combination with total cholesterol is a good index of the risk of coronary heart disease.

	Elevated triglyceride levels are associated with increased LDL cholesterol and decreased HDL cholesterol. Increased triglyceride levels are found in diabetes mellitus, chronic hepatitis, alcoholism, obesity and hypothyroidism. Increased triglyceride levels lead to heart diseases & stroke.

	Increase in serum urea may occur in number of diseases in addition to those in which kidneys are primarily involved. Reduced blood flow to kidneys, shock, blood loss, dehydration, crush injuries, acute renal failure, stones in urinary tract, tumor, inflammation, diet rich in proteins etc. are some of the causes. Decreased level of urea nitrogen is associated with liver failure, over hydration, malnutrition etc.

	This test gives an indication of the degree of renal impairment. In cases of severe renal failure, creatinine may increase from normal 0.6 - 1.4 mg to 10,20,30 mg per 100 ml. Serum and 24 hrs urinary creatinine are estimated simultaneously to determine creatinine clearance, which is an indicator of filtration capacity of kidneys

	Bilirubin if accumulated in excess causes jaundice. This test is performed as a part of liver function test and also requested individually as screening test for liver disease. This test is requested to know the cause of jaundice & follow up.

	Albumin is a protein that occurs in serum portion of blood. The changing levels of serum albumin provide valuable indices of severity & progress in hepatic disease. Decreased levels of albumin may be found in certain conditions such as cirrhosis of the liver, other liver disorders causing extensive damage to the organ, malnutrition and nephrotic syndrome.

	Uric Acid is an important marker used in the diagnosis of gout. It is also increased in acute stages of infectious diseases, severe uremia, toxemia of pregnancy and leukemia. 24 hrs urinary excretion of uric acid is requested in patients with renal stones made-up of uric acid.

	Increase in both transferases is a common finding in liver diseases in which liver cells have been damaged. These tests are useful in assessing the severity and monitoring the disease. SGOT levels are increased following
	heart attack, diseases involving skeletal muscles, pulmonary embolism and acute pancreatitis. In newborn children these test are useful in classifying the cause of jaundice

	An elevated serum GGTP level is indicative of disease of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas. GGTP is particularly helpful in clinical assessment of alcoholic cirrhosis. GGTP is used
		as a valuable diagnostic aid in differentiating bone and liver disease in conjunction with alkaline phosphatase.

	Request for the analysis of serum acid phosphatase is often done in male patients with suspected prostatic cancer.  Acid phosphatase is
		also present in very high concentrations in semen a
	fact utilised in forensic medicine in the investigations of rape offences.

	Elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase indicates obstructive disease of liver and biliary system (e.g. obstructive jaundice), diseases of bone such as rickets, hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease of bone, bone cancer etc. The determination of tissue of origin gives more information about the underlying pathologic process.

	LDH is commonly requested enzyme marker that indicates injury to the cells. Serum LDH activity is elevated in diseases of heart involving the muscular layer, liver diseases, haemolysis, malignant diseases and disease of skeletal muscles (Progressive muscular dystrophy). The diagnostic efficiency of LDH is increased further when the fractions of LDH, which originate from different tissues, are estimated individually.

	Request for serum CPK level is made in case of suspected cases of heart attack and muscle disease. Determination of serum CPK-MB activity
		is a sensitive indicator of damage to muscular layer of heart & thus plays a major role in the differential diagnosis of
	chest pain and monitoring the response to treatment in myocardial infarction.

	Serum Iron is reduced in iron deficiency anaemia, in anaemia of chronic disorders and infections and in malignancies such as Hodgkin's disease. Measurement of serum Iron should always be combined with TIBC. TIBC-Total Iron Binding Capacity measures the transferrin concentration & its iron binding capabilities. TIBC is raised in nutritional iron deficiency and iron deficiency due to chronic blood loss, oral contraceptive use etc. Decreased levels of TIBC are caused by cancer, liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis etc.

	It is an enzyme that is found in plasma which is required to inactivate a short acting anesthetic drug succinyl choline. This enzyme is deficient/inactive in a few ethnic groups, which will prolong the apnoea (apnoea:loss of breathing) when the drug is administered. This test is used as a screening procedure to assess the sensitivity of a person to succinyl choline.

	A request for serum calcium is made in patients with parathyroid diseases, Vitamin D imbalance, chronic renal failure & cancerous conditions. Low calcium value appears more frequently in osteomalacia/rickets. In case of renal failure the calcium level falls. Increased calcium levels are found in hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D intoxication. In neonates decreased calcium level is one of the important causes of convulsions.

	Serum electrolytes is an important parameter requested in any condition leading to fluid and electrolyte imbalance. Such imbalances are found
		in diseases of kidney, adrenal glands, digestive system giving rise to massive fluid loss, severe burns, and
	diabetes insipidus. Serum electrolyte results plays an important role in management of critically ill patients.

	A significant increase of the serum inorganic phosphorus level is seen in the case of rickets associated with renal failure. Other conditions causing raised inorganic phosphate levels are respiratory acidosis, lactic acidosis and vitamin D intoxication can be associated with hypoparathyroidism. A decrease of serum inorganic phosphate could is seen in hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia (increase in serum calcium level) due to any cause and respiratory alkalosis.

	This test is performed for the diagnosis of diseases of pancreas that lead to damage of pancreatic cells ex. pancreatitis, and for the investigation of pancreas function

	Lipase is an enzyme released from damaged pancreas. This test helps in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis along with serum amylase level. Elevation in patients with mumps strongly suggests significant pancreatic as well as salivary gland involvement by the disease.

	This is an important test requested to assess the ability of kidneys to filter the blood, otherwise known as glomerular filtration rate. This test is used as a tool by clinicians to recommend dialysis/kidney transplantation to a patient in renal failure.

	Chemical analysis of a stone removed from the body gives information about the probable cause that led to stone formation and necessary precautions to be taken to prevent further recurrence.

	The laboratory testing of endocrine function and the measurement of specific hormones assist in establishing a definite diagnosis. The rapid
		development of radioimmunoassay & competitive protein binding techniques is making possible more precise identification of clinical endocrine
	abnormalities. Tumour markers are included under this class because the method used to measure them is same as that of hormones.

	It is a screening test for thyroid gland abnormalities. T4 and to some extent T3 are the hormones secreted by thyroid gland, which is regulated by a pituitary hormone TSH. Thyroid hormones affect the rate of metabolism, growth & development. Excess thyroid hormones cause thyrotoxicosis with clinical evidence of autonomic nervous system over activity and hyper metabolism. Deficiency of thyroid hormones cause failure of growth and development and mental retardation in infants and children which is known as cretinism, whereas in adults it leads to hypothyroidism, a constellation symptoms characterized by weight gain, skin changes, lethargy, intolerance to cold and menstrual irregularities.

	T3 is derived from T4. Elevation of T3 occurs in a condition called T3 toxicosis, which is one of the causes of hyperthyroidism.

	T4 is the primary thyroid hormone secreted by thyroid gland. T4 level is increased or decreased in primary thyroid disease. Non-specific elevations occur in a group of diseases unrelated to thyroid gland, which are termed as nonthyroidal illnesses. In such cases free T4, that is the fraction of T4 in blood, which is not bound to thyroid binding proteins, remains within normal limits. T4 level is also used to monitor the response to treatment in patients with primary thyroid disease.

	TSH is a hormone secreted by pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and secrete T4 & T3. TSH level is elevated in primary
		hypothyroidism and depressed in primary hyperthyroidism. TSH alone is used as screening test to detect any thyroid abnormalities. TSH and free T4 together are
	sufficient to diagnose/rule out most of the primary thyroid disorders.

	These two hormones, collectively known as pituitary gonadotrophins, are secreted by pituitary gland and acts on testes in males and ovaries in
		females to maintain normal reproductive functions. These hormones
	estimated in blood to determine whether a gonadal insufficiency is primary or due to deficient stimulation by pituitary hormones.

	Estradiol is a hormone secreted by developing ovarian follicles under the influence of pituitary gonadotrophins. Estrone and estriol are breakdown products of estradiol. Measurement of individual estrogen or total estrogens has limited clinical utility Estrone measurement is indicated in female patients presenting with postmenopausal bleeding. Estriol is the major estrogen secreted by placenta and hence used as a marker of placental dysfunction. Estradiol level tends to fall as women reach the age of menopause. Estradiol measurement is indicated in male patients with gynecomastia (development of breast in males)

	Testosterone is the male sex hormone secreted by testes under the influence of pituitary gonadotrophins. Testosterone along with pituitary gonadotrophins is useful in the assessment and classification of hypogonadism (improper functioning of testes) in males. These measurements are also useful in the detection of ovarian & adrenal tumors in woman that lead to development of male sexual characteristics.

	Prolactin is a hormone secreted by pituitary gland.